The Secret of Argumentative Essay State Topics Nobody Is Talking About

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How Society Viewed Love and Marriage in Pride and...

How Society Viewed Love and Marriage in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Jane Austen was born in 1775 and spent most of her life in the countryside in a village called Steventon, Hampshire. She was the daughter of a clergyman, Reverend George Austen and her mother was called Cassandra Austen. She had a brief education starting at the age of seven and ending at eleven, when she settled at home. Like women in Austen’s society, she had little education due to the beliefs at the time; the only education she would have received would likely have been to up her social status, through marriage. She wrote â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† to portray society’s views of love and marriage to the reader and to shoe that marriages take place for†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦ Mr Collins to be sure neither sensible nor agreeable; his society was irksome and his attachment to her must be imaginary. But still he would be a husband†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This reflects the social beliefs of, at least, the middle classes at the time. Evidently all that Charlotte wants out of life is a comfortable home and enough wealth to sustain this. â€Å" I’m not a romantic girl you know. I never was, I only ask for a comfortable home †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The use of the word â€Å"only† emphasises the fact that Charlotte wants this and nothing else. The consequences of her not marring well would be to severely limit her options i.e. she would have to become a governess or an old maid for a wealthy couple, but this would not support her once she had reached an age at which, she could no longer work. When Charlotte Married Mr Collins she seemed happy in their relationship, even though its not based on love :- she has all that she wants out of marriage. She does however ignore her husbands silliness and does not have any bad words to say about him. â€Å" When Mr Collins said anything of which his wife might reasonably, which certainly was not unseldom†¦ once of twice she could discern a faint blush; but in general Charlotte wisely did not hear†. From this we gather that the orthodoxy of society has been embedded in her behaviour. She possibly perceives that she is happy because society deems that now she is married she should beShow MoreRelatedJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1697 Words   |  7 Pagesan Oppressive Society Jane Austen once said, â€Å"it is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife† (Austen 1). In other words, women of the nineteenth century were deemed dependent on men. They were to join an advantageous marriage to remain respectable and achieve a higher social class. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice concerns the social norms of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries—a patriarchal society ruled by men whoRead More Explore Jane Austen’s attitude to marriage in Pride and Prejudice1671 Words   |  7 PagesExplore Jane Austen’s attitude to marriage in Pride and Prejudice Looking at the social, historical and cultural context In the 19th century when Austen wrote ‘Pride and Prejudice’, the way in which marriage was viewed was very different. It would have been expected of a young woman to find a ‘suitable’ partner for marriage before they were thirty, as after this they could be seen as an embarrassment to their family. By suitable, it does not mean in the way in which marriage is viewed todayRead MoreGender Roles . Regency England Is The Time Period In England1544 Words   |  7 Pagesarchitecture, clothes, furniture, literature, and politics, establishing a new style of society. This time period is specifically distinguished as between the â€Å"Georgian Era† and the â€Å"Victorian Era.† Ultimately England’s society as an aeon acclaimed for its fine arts came new economic, social, and political changes. Specifically, females were given new roles in their society, in which some women did not approbate. With Pride and Prejudice’s opening line: It is a truth universally acknowledged that a singleRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1048 Words   |  5 Pages In the novel Pride and Prejudice, love at first sight is mocked throughout the characters in this nineteenth century society. Jane Austen portrays irony in certain characters’ romances. Some characters were expected to be together due to â€Å"love at first sight,† yet Austen creates conflict which disrupts these relationships. Jane Austen mocks conventional romantic novels by developing hardships and obstacles among characters’ romances. Austen shatters the expectations of â€Å"love at first sight† andRead MorePride and Prejudice is a British novel written by Jane Austen. This book is one of the most800 Words   |  4 PagesPride and Prejudice is a British novel written by Jane Austen. This book is one of the most cherished love stories in English Literature. Pride and Prejudice was written in the early 1800’s to replicate the relationships between men and women in Austen’s time. She portrayed Elizabeth, the second eldest of the Bennet dau ghters as fearless, independent, and more concerned about marrying for love than marrying for social status and stability. Elizabeth is able to still able to have the expectationsRead MoreJane Austen s Life And Prejudice1430 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen was born on December 16, 1775 in Steventon, Hampshire, England. She was the seventh child and second daughter of Cassandra and George Austen. Jane Austen s life was one of the most transformative eras in British history. The American Revolution, The French Revolution, family and societal views caused Jane Austen s life to be influenced in several ways. Jane Austen was a conservative female who spent most of her time writing novels that reflected her views on love, war, reputation, andRead MoreLiving in Social Classes in Jane Austins Novels816 Words   |  3 PagesJane Austin is a great author from the 1800s. I really enjoyed the few books of hers, that I did get around to reading .I enjoyed the movie adaptions even more, Jane f ocused on things she thought about and used humor to point out the lives of the middle class, the wealthy, nobility, and families in different financial standings, battling to keep up or with their social status. Jane puts most of her focus and writing into the importance of marriage. She lived with her family her entire lifeRead MoreNorthanger Abbey as a Precursor to Pride and Prejudice Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesJane Austen’s Northanger Abbey is frequently described as a novel about reading—reading novels and reading people—while Pride and Prejudice is said to be a story about love, about two people overcoming their own pride and prejudices to realize their feelings for each other. If Pride and Prejudice is indeed about how two stubborn youth have misjudged each other, then why is it that this novel is so infrequently viewed to be connected to Austen’s original novel about misjudgment and reading one’s fellowsRead MorePride And Prejudice Essay1808 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Pride refers to a deep and consistent feeling of satisfaction of one’s possession, class and achievements. Pride as a theme has been developed in the novel pride and prejudice by Jane Austen. Characters can claim better treatment and status in the society and also relationships based on their family possessions as well as exploits. Mr. Bennett daughters are also proud because they are beautiful which gives them the audacity to boast to men who want their hand in marriage (Gao, HaiyanRead MorePride and Prejudice by Jane Austen1324 Words   |  5 PagesShould one follow society’s rules for marriage, love, class, and gender expectations or their heart regardless of the judgment of others? Jane Austen explores these themes in her novel Pride and Prejudice, which takes place in the early nineteenth century. In this famous novel, Elizabeth Bennet, who is the protagonist, is intelligent, witty, and the most sensible of the five Bennet sisters, who all face challenges with s ocial rules and expectations. Conflicts and parental pressure arise through

Canadian stock market Example

Essays on Canadian stock market Assignment and Information al affiliation A chart showing TSX bank share prices by and amount of share sold A chart showing BMO share prices by date and amount of share sold Table showing BMO common share price Dates Decrease/ Increase open High Low Close volume adjusted close 24/10/2011 0 59.11 59.66 59 59.49 730100 58.81 28/10/2011 +1.01 60.12 60.65 60.01 60.26 703600 60.26 4/11/2011 -2.58 57.54 57.73 56.53 57.25 732400 57.25 10/11/2011 -0.89 56.65 56.75 55.44 55.9 996600 55.9 18/11/2011 -1.06 55.59 56.09 55.27 55.51 722600 55.51 25/11/2011 -2.81 52.78 53.52 52.74 53.22 400200 53.22 There is a general decrease in prices of common shares for BMO from end of October throughout the period of November. This makes it uncertain for invest thus cannot invest in it. Table showing BMO common share price Dates Decrease/ Increase open High Low Close volume adjusted close 24/10/2011 0 41.62 42.29 41.62 42.10 134700 41.73 28/10/2011 +0.25 42.25 42.71 42.25 42.36 70600 41.98 4/11/2011 +0.31 44.30 44.74 44.29 44.69 68700 44.29 10/11/2011 +0.27 44.57 44.60 44.19 44.31 133100 43.29 18/11/2011 +0.17 44.74 45.28 44.74 44.05 73000 44.65 25/11/2011 -0.23 44.51 44.78 44.48 44.65 102900 44.65 There is a general increase in prices of common shares for TSX from end of October throughout the period of November. This makes it attractive for investors to invest their cash in it Reasons for choosing BMO and TSX Both are financial institutions and it is easy to make comparison as to the general increase or decrease in the prices since they operate within the same economic environment. They are actually subjected to same factors as monetary policy and fiscal policies. Reason for choosing common stock It was easy to monitor the movement in terms of prices on hourly or daily basis unlike in bonds it was tedious on my side. The ease of accessibility made it easier to choose it. What Economic Factors Affect Stock Prices. The sensitivity of stock to the economic environment factors makes it a crucial type of investment that depends on how lucky the prevailing circumstance will be maintained. It proves to be the most dynamic component of the world market. Even though the market can be vibrant and active, stock prices are very volatile and its volatility makes investor more worried about the future of their investment. Investors keep on wondering what will happen on hourly, daily, and monthly and yearly to their investment. Supply and Demand The higher the demand the higher the price and the lower the demand the higher the price this implies that price is directly affected by stock market trends in trading. It means that when a consumers purchase a particular type of stock, its price will automatically increase by a margin slightly higher than the previous one. Similarly when a trader sells that stock, its price will then fall with a margin so that it is slightly lower than the previous trading price. Inflation and Interest Rates Inflation would refer to the general increase in price of commodities as a result of drop in the currency value. Goods would appear expensive to the consumer due to decreased purchasing power. Interest rate is the amount charged by financial institutions as a result of borrowing or lending services. Every stock market is affected by inflation and interest rates. Inflation go hand in hand with interest rate, according to Fischer effect higher the inflation rate higher the interest rate. It is central bank mandates to regulate monetary supply and make necessary policy. These policies affect the interest rate which in turn affects the share price. The perception of the investors and traders on what is likely to happen with interest rates and inflation within any given country will also impact on the stock market prices. The speculative natures of investors also affect the price of stock for instance if People perceive increase or decrease in interest rate will influence the price of stock to either increase or decrease. The interest rate is a good measure of pricing levels of stock, whether they increase or decrease for a certain time period will depend on interest rate. Trade Flows Trade balances and imbalances between two different countries affect the price of stocks. The monetary flows that are brought about by the trading between countries affect the price of a stock. For instance, when a countrys imports exceed its exports, it is likely that the currency will devalue hence causing the price of stock to plunge. However more investments in the country on the other hand will strengthen the currency this will mean that stock prices. Political Activities Political situation prevailing in a given country will affect the prices of stock a great deal. Political instability for instances will cause investors to sell their shares thereby causing the price to decrease since there is nobody is willing to in buy same share at the same magnitude. In the contrary to the above a country with political stability will ensure trading activities are normal and more people are willing to invest thus causing share price to increase. Would you invest in the market? The future of the common market is unclear. According to BMO the prices keep on decreasing non-linearly thus it means the prices of the common share are volatile and the decision to invest in one is based on speculation. According to TSX the prices of common share keeps on increasing making investment decision attractive. It will be very important to analyze closely the market further for about four months to come up with a proper analysis of the market trend. Using above information I can decide to sell my share before it starts deteriorating. Investment decision is mainly made after thorough evaluation of market situation to determine whether a project is viable or not. Most investors gamble around in their quest to make any decision pertaining to selling or buying of shares. Be that as it may consultation needs to done to someone or expert who understand the economic situation of the environment to which stock is trading in.

Collusion In Auditing For Investigation And Recommendations

Question: Discuss about the Collusion in Auditing : Investigation and Recommendations. Answer: Introduction: The key motivating factor to drive this research was the intent to learn whether the corporate entities in Australia are following ethical practices in accounting. In the research, focus has been given to obtain information regarding the personnel responsible for the various accounting frauds pertaining to the corporate companies and the effects created on the various stakeholders (Onyebuchi, 2011). The research also intends to identify the different ways through which the managers and the auditors collude for failures in ethical audit practices (Pagano Immordino, 2012). Are managers and auditors colluding against the owner in Australian auditing practices? Methodology The research methodology focuses on the manner of collecting the required information to gauge the intents of the study. In this research, secondary sources of data has been used to gather evidence from multiple case studies. In the recent decade, many companies have been reported to suffer due to conspiracy of the managers and the auditors in Australia. Most of these reports were published in newspaper reviews and other online sites, which have been used as data sources for this study. A few of the recent examples of accounting scams witnessed in Australia include, the Dick Smith scam, Bankasia collapse and Westfarmers collapse (Keall, 2016; Mofatt, 2012; Parker, 2016). These examples have been used as case studies in this report, which also helped in drawing comparisons for analysis in this study. The research is exploratory in nature that aims to obtain a clear understanding of the impacts of collusion between the managers and the auditors, which in turn inhibits the owners interests in the business, with due significance to the Australian market trends. The benefit of using secondary materials in this study is that only valid and reliable information about collusion between managers and auditors were examined within the Australian context, which has apparently stirred a debate in the society. Moreover, the information available through these sources helped to decode the impacts of such collusions the economy and the investors at large. Collection of information through these secondary sources further contributes to the time as well as cost efficiency of the study, besides ensuring adequate flexible in the process (Wrenn, Loudin Stevens, 2012). To incorporate the information in a systematic and objective oriented manner, the multiple case study method is a recognised way of drawing inferences through document analysis. Theoretical Framework This study utilises the behavioural agency theory to understand the collusion between the managers and the auditors within the Australian context and suggest remedies to the situation. The behavioural agency theory focuses on the need of following ethical practices on part of the executives, so that the interests of the shareholders are maintained. It can be performed by creating an intrinsic motivation in the executives, rather than focusing solely on extrinsic motivations (Pepper Gore, 2012). The behavioural agency theory is commonly used to define the corporate governance principles of an organisation, in alignment with the roles and responsibilities bestowed on its leaders and managers ( Pepper Gore, 2012). This theory pays highest attention towards the intrinsic motivation needs of the business leaders to take ethical decisions in the best of the interest of the company and all its stakeholders, which also includes its owners(Pepper Gore, 2012). It plays a crucial role in determining the compensation for these decision makers to a business, which in turn may prove useful to restrict chances of collusion between the managers and auditors. It has certainly emerged as an issue in the modern business field, whereby this approach may contribute towards enriching the morale of the managers towards the business and the organisational stakeholders, which would in turn ensure the owners interests in the long run (Pepper Gore, 2012). Literature Review According to Fiocco Gilli (2015), collusion between the business entities and the regulatory agencies is quite likely to result in reporting of false financial statements. Inefficiency on part of the auditors in detecting the flaws of financial statement is also responsible for accounting frauds. Pagano Immordino (2012) asserted that the auditors often collude with the managers in order to simplify the auditing process, which increases chances of biases and misrepresentation of the financial reports. Baglioni Colombo (2011) extended on the issue that the root causes of imperfections in the process of auditing are the mistakes encountered on part of the auditor or collusion between the auditors and the managers. The chances of collusion reduce if the managers intend to keep a watch on the efficiency of the audit process or if the responsibility of auditing is passed over to the external auditors. In this regard Burlando Motta (2014) argued that collusions often occur on part of th e auditor, which can create an effect on the costs of production and the policies of outsourcing used by a company, further affecting its profitability at large. Managers should be aware of their responsibilities towards the company owners and stakeholders, which would in turn depict their strong moral towards the organisation, minimising their involvement in a possible collusion to a substantial extent. Luo Zhu (2013) argued that collusion between the auditor and the manager takes place when the auditor realises that the benefit of the collusion is larger than the penalty. These types of collusion lead to distortion of the market price and the financial reports that in turn gives incorrect information about the companys performance to the investors. However, collusion can be prevented if the auditing responsibility is passed over to the external auditors, which minimises the risks of biases in financial reporting to a certain extent. According to Kasim Hogson (2012), the involvement of external auditors can help in mitigating and detecting the fraudulent practices within the organisation, which also involves the chances of collusion between the managers and the auditors. Guha (2012), on the other hand, argued that external auditors can also fall victim to the collusion chances that in turn indicates to the stronger need for a behavioural approach to define managers moral towards t he organisation and its stakeholders. Chou, Xu, Anandarajan Valenti (2012) were also of the view that the policies of the client company and the auditor are at times responsible for unethical auditing practices. Contextually, Jo Mallick (2011) observes that the auditors prepare the financial statements as per the requirement of the client that in turn affects the interest of the investors too, which are although expected to discourage such conducts, often fail owing to the greater compensation auditors and managers retain through collusion. According to Chan Vasarheyli (2011), collusion can lead to omissions, frauds and material errors. Auditors often deviate from the principles of objectivity and independence while entering into collusion with the managers and are to be blamed to the absence of moral principles followed by both the auditors and the managers (Kung Huang, 2013). Extending further on the issue, Okolie (2014) stated that in the absence of auditor independence, the authenticity of the audited financial report reduces substantially, which in turn gives rise to the rates of fraudulences, litigations and business failures, with concerns regarding the quality of auditing. Rawasdeh (2013), in support of this view, observes the growing number of scandals being reported in the recent decade, which have increased doubts regarding the effectiveness of the auditing processes and principles, in determining the authenticity of the financial statements. According to Khalil, Lawaree Scott (2015), instances of accounting frauds have increased the need of monitoring the tasks of auditing, while Momani Obeidat (2013) argued that ethics act as the key driver to the aptness of the process altogether. Overall, as Carnegie OConnell (2014) purport, the recently observed scandals of accounting clearly underline the cases of failures in the auditing tasks. These sc andals have caused immense losses to the investors, often leading to the forced liquidation down of many companies. The alternative for this is to make a change in the corporate governance strategies that can prevent misrepresentation in the financial statements (Gherai Balaciu, 2011). Dick Smith A recent case of accounting scandal witnessed in Australia was that of DickSmith. Investigations to the accounting scandal revealed that Delloite, a leading auditing company, had approved the DickSmiths financial report as on 2014/15 to be free from manipulations, which was untrue and erroneous, thereby leading to auditing fraudulency. It was also alleged that Delloite was involved into the manipulation in the inventory records of the company, which in turn fuels doubts regarding a possible collusion between the auditors and managers in this case (Keall, 2016). The company further affirmed that there was a need of reducing the amount of inventory by $60 million in November, 2015. However, there was no such evidence of reduction in the inventory abiding by the accounting policies as per AASB, which should have been recorded or investigated in the auditing process. This reflects the inefficiency of the auditors in detecting the correct amount of inventory of DickSmith and a certain occurrence of collusion between the managers and the auditors, which apparently affected the interests of the stakeholders to the company (The Conversation Media Group Ltd., 2016). Wesfarmers Another example of accounting scandal recorded in the recent decade is the criticisms witnessed by Wesfarmers. Contradictory to the case of DickSmith, this case implied a positive view towards the auditing practices. According to the case facts, the acquired subsidiary of Wesfarmers, i.e. Target, was accounted for recording an inflated amount of earnings in the mid year financial records as on 2015. It was later identified as a breach to the companys financial reporting policies, subjected to judiciary actions to be taken against the responsible managers of the subsidiary (Smyth, 2016). This particular occurrence indicates to a good practice of auditing, wherein collusion between the auditors and the managers was absent, thus resulting in the appropriate conduct of financial reporting. Banksia The third case that attracted critics from the global platform was that of the collapse of Banksia. Following an in-depth investigation, the auditors were held responsible by the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) to fail to detect the actual conditions of the loan book of the client (Bankasia) that involved loan transactions amounting to $500 million (Australian Securities Investment Commission, 2014). With the misrepresentation of the fact, the company was valued at a higher price than its actual worth, thereby misleading the investors. However, on the disclosure of this fraudulence, the company was led to its ultimate collapse in 2012, making its investors suffer a loss of $660 million. The ASIC further stated that most of the auditing tasks conducted for the company lacked proper evidence, which fuelled suspicion regarding a possible collusion between the managers and the auditors (Wilkins, 2014). This negligent attitude demanded the need of penalty to the au ditors and the directors of Bankasia (ABC, 2016). The auditor was also held responsible for imperfect auditing in the subsidiaries of the Banksia group that included Securities Hodolco Limited and Cherry Fund Limited, as the auditing standards were not at par with the Corporations Act (2001) (Australian Securities Investment Commission, 2014). Discussion As can be observed from the findings obtained through the case study reviews, it can be argued that in one of the two referred cases of accounting fraud, no collusion was observed between the managers and the auditors. It was in this case that the auditors had delivered authentic reports of financial misstatement and assist in taking judiciary measures against the guilty. While in the other two cases, the auditors and the managers were found to have deceitful intents and were colluded or were ignorant to their bestowed responsibilities. It directly implies that the moral concerns and responsible attitude of the auditors as well as that of the managers impose a crucial impact on the chances of accounting misstatements that in turn affects the interests of the owners to the company. It also implies that by encouraging moral behaviour amid the auditors and the managers, possibilities of financial misstatements owing to collusions between these two parties can be reduced to a more sustai nable extent (Keall, 2016; The Conversation Media Group Ltd., 2016; Smyth, 2016; Wilkins, 2014; ABC, 2016; Australian Securities Investment Commission, 2014). It is in this context that the behavioural agency theory can be applied to the context, emphasising its notion of principle-agent relationship. With regards to the auditing process, the principle is referred to the owners and the agents are the auditors as well as the managers, who are bestowed with the responsibilities to perform on behalf of the owner (the principle). According to this notion, although a degree of decision making power is allowed to the agents, the major right is restricted among the owners, who can decide upon the compensations to be enjoyed by both the agents on performing their responsibilities in the best of the owners interests. Trust is a vital factor in this regard, which is often deemed as defined by the compensation assured by the principles to the agents. Therefore, it is essential to understand the expectations and the motivation needs of the auditors as well as that of the managers, in order to ensure a higher degree of moral among them towards the owners, which in turn will inhibit their intentions to collude against the owners (Burns Needles, 2014). Conclusion The findings and the discussion results, as presented in the above sections of the paper, depict that auditing practices in Australia are affected by the rising incidents of collusion between the auditors and the managers. Intentionally or unintentionally, it does affect the owners interests, financial fraudulences mostly lead to corporate wind-ups. In the entire context of auditing practices of Australia thus, auditing transparency and moral concerns of auditors as well as managers was found to hold substantial importance. Furthermore, to determine the ethical correctness of their actions, the compensation offered by the owners to the managers and the auditors to act as their agents was a key element. It can be argued accordingly that auditors and managers are more likely to collude when the compensation gained through financial fraudulency is higher than the amount committed by the owners. Application of the behavioural agency theory further revealed that trust acts as another dete rminant to the relationship between the owners (as principles) with the agents, which in turn can help in inhibiting possible chances of collusion. It is in this context that the Australian auditing practices should define the compensation payable to the agents in a concise and comprehensive manner, which would restrict the decision making rights of the agents towards the principle and likewise, reduce chances of their fallouts. References ABC. (2016). Wesfarmers. Retrieved August 18, 2016, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-11/wesfarmers-taking-action-over-target-accounting-scandal/7317178 Al Momani, M., A. Obeidat, M. I. (2013). The effect of auditors' ethics on their detection of creative accounting practices: A field study. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(13), 118 Australian Securities Investment Commission. (2014). 14-127MR ASIC suspends former Banksia auditor for five years. Retrieved August 28, 2016, from https://asic.gov.au/about-asic/media-centre/find-a-media-release/2014-releases/14-127mr-asic-suspends-former-banksia-auditor-for-five-years/ Baglioni, A., Colombo, L. (2011). The effects of imperfect auditing on managerial compensation. International Review of Economics Finance, 20(4), 542-548. Burlando, A., Motta, A. (2015). Collusion and the organization of the firm. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 7(3), 54-84. Burns, J. O. Needles, B. E. (2014). Accounting Education for the 21st Century: The Global Challenges. UK: Elsevier. Carnegie, G., D. OConnell, B., T. (2014). A longitudinal study of the interplay of corporate collapse, accounting failure and governance change in Australia: Early 1890s to early 2000s. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 25(6), 446-468 Chan, D., Y. Vasarhelyi, M., A. (2011). Innovation and practice of continuous auditing. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 12(2), 152-160. Chou, P., B., Xu, W., Anandarajan, A. Valenti, D. (2012). Is honesty the best policy? A game theory perspective of auditing. International Journal of Behavioural Accounting and Finance, 3(1-2), 88-106. Fiocco, R. Gilli, M. (2016). Bargaining and collusion in a regulatory relationship. Journal of Economics, 117(2), 93-116. Gherai, D., S. Balaciu, D., E. (2011). From creative accounting practices and Enron phenomenon to the current financial crisis. Annales Universitatis Apulensis: Series Oeconomica, 13(1), 34. 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